Write performance in fault-tolerant clustered storage systems

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the invention relate to supporting transaction data committed to a stable storage. Committed data in the cluster is stored in the persistent cache layer and replicated and stored in the cache layer of one or more secondary nodes. One copy is designated as a master copy and all other copies are designated as replica, with an exclusive write lock assigned to the master and a shared write lock extended to the replica. An acknowledgement of receiving the data is communicated following confirmation that the data has been replicated to each node designated to receive the replica. Managers and a director are provided to support management of the master copy and the replicas within the file system, including invalidation of replicas, fault tolerance associated with failure of a node holding a master copy, recovery from a failed node, recovered of the file system from a power failure, and transferring master and replica copies within the file system.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to write performance in clustered filesystems. More specifically, the invention relates to integrating a filesystem cache of a clustered storage system with a distributed memorylayer to enable efficiency of synchronous write transactions.

Workloads with a plurality of synchronous write operations or a highratio of commit operations are known to suffer performance penalties.These workloads are common in database workloads with a high ratio ofcommits. Similarly, web based workloads perform a series of fileoperations requiring a commit to stable storage when closing a file.Virtual machines have their own block layer, and all write transactionsarriving to an underlying storage in the virtualized environment aresynchronous and require immediate commit to a stable storage. Each ofthese operations requires workload data to be written to a storagesubsystem before returning an acknowledgement to the client. Theperformance penalties are reflected in increased write latency becausedisk access latencies are orders of magnitude higher than dynamic RAM(also referred to herein as DRAM) latencies. In addition, commitoperations do not allow the file system to delay a write transaction bygathering a plurality of the write transactions into a single I/O to astorage subsystem. Accordingly, various types of operations that requirewriting data to a storage subsystem and an associated acknowledgementcommunication are affected by performance penalties.

BRIEF SUMMARY

This invention comprises a system and article for mitigating performancepenalties associated with synchronous write transactions in afault-tolerant clustered file system.

In one aspect, a computer program product is provided to integrate astable memory layer with a page cache layer in a file system. Thecomputer program product includes a computer-readable storage mediumhaving program code embodied therewith. The program code is executableby a processor. More specifically, program code is provided totemporarily hold committed data in distributed non-volatile memory ofthe nodes in the cluster. In response to receipt of a synchronous writetransaction in the file system, data associated with the received writetransaction is placed in the layer and replicated within the layer ofone or more remote nodes in the file system. Program code is alsoprovided to distinguish between a master copy and a replica of thereceived data. This distinction includes application of existing cachepolicies to the master copy of the received data. Each replica isinvalidated on the respective remote node in response to flushing of themaster copy to persistent storage.

In another aspect, a system is provided with a stable memory layerintegrated with a page cache layer in a file system to hold committeddata in distributed non-volatile memory of nodes in a cluster. Each nodeis provided with a processing unit in communication with memory. Afunctional unit is provided in communication with at least one of theprocessing units. The functional unit includes tools to support a writetransaction in a fault-tolerant file system. The tools include, but arenot limited to, a placement manager, a director, and an invalidationmanager. The placement manager is responsible for placement of dataassociated with a received write transaction in the layer of at leastone node. The director, which is in communication with the placementmanager, is responsible for distinguishing between a master copy of thereceived data and a replica of the received data. This functionality ofthe director includes application of existing cache policies to themaster copy of the received data. The invalidation manager, which is incommunication with the director, invalidates each replica in response toa flush of the master copy to persistent storage.

Other features and advantages of this invention will become apparentfrom the following detailed description of the presently preferredembodiment of the invention, taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings referenced herein form a part of the specification.Features shown in the drawings are meant as illustrative of only someembodiments of the invention, and not of all embodiments of theinvention unless otherwise explicitly indicated.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart depicting arrival of a synchronous writetransaction to the file system.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart depicting preventing loss of data when one ormore nodes in the cluster have been subject to failure.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart depicting the master node flushing the mastercopy of the byte-range to the disk storage subsystem.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting the process of preventing loss ofcommitted data when the cluster returns from the power failure.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart depicting a process for transferring locks, whichmay also transfer the designation between a master copy and a replica.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating a system with tools to support atransaction in a fault-tolerant file system.

FIG. 7 depicts a block diagram illustrating a system for implementing anembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It will be readily understood that the components of the presentinvention, as generally described and illustrated in the Figures herein,may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of differentconfigurations. Thus, the following detailed description of theembodiments of the apparatus, system, and method of the presentinvention, as presented in the Figures, is not intended to limit thescope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative ofselected embodiments of the invention.

Reference throughout this specification to “a select embodiment,” “oneembodiment,” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature,structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodimentis included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus,appearances of the phrases “a select embodiment,” “in one embodiment,”or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specificationare not necessarily referring to the same embodiment.

The described features, structures, or characteristics may be combinedin any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the followingdescription, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples ofa placement manager, computation manager, etc., to provide a thoroughunderstanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in therelevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can bepracticed without one or more of the specific details, or with othermethods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-knownstructures, materials, or operations are not shown or described indetail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.

In the following description of the embodiments, reference is made tothe accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and which shows byway of illustration the specific embodiment in which the invention maybe practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may beutilized because structural changes may be made without departing fromthe scope of the present invention.

The functional unit(s) described in this specification has been labeledwith tools in the form of manager(s) and a director. The tools may beimplemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmablegate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices, orthe like. The tools may also be implemented in software for processingby various types of processors. An identified tool of executable codemay, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks ofcomputer instructions which may, for instance, be organized as anobject, procedure, function, or other construct. Nevertheless, theexecutable of an identified tool need not be physically locatedtogether, but may comprise disparate instructions stored in differentlocations which, when joined logically together, comprise the tools andachieve the stated purpose of the tools.

Indeed, the executable code could be a single instruction, or manyinstructions, and may even be distributed over several different codesegments, among different applications, and across several memorydevices. Similarly, operational data may be identified and illustratedherein within the manager, and may be embodied in any suitable form andorganized within any suitable type of data structure. The operationaldata may be collected as a single data set, or may be distributed overdifferent locations including over different storage devices, and mayexist, at least partially, as electronic signals on a system or network.

Reference throughout this specification to “a select embodiment,” “oneembodiment,” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature,structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodimentis included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus,appearances of the phrases “a select embodiment,” “in one embodiment,”or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specificationare not necessarily referring to the same embodiment.

Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics maybe combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In thefollowing description, numerous specific details are provided, such asexamples of a placement manager, an invalidation manager, a faultmanager, a recovery manager, a transfer manager, a director, etc., toprovide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. Oneskilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the inventioncan be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or withother methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances,well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown ordescribed in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.

The illustrated embodiments of the invention will be best understood byreference to the drawings, wherein like parts are designated by likenumerals throughout. The following description is intended only by wayof example, and simply illustrates certain selected embodiments ofdevices, systems, and processes that are consistent with the inventionas claimed herein.

File system cache of a clustered storage system is integrated with astable distributed memory layer. This integration enables efficientacknowledgement of synchronous write transactions, which include anytransaction that requires updated data to be physically stored on stablestorage, e.g. disk, ssd, prior to responding to a client request. In oneembodiment, the synchronous write transaction includes a committransaction. Specifically, the integration enables maintenance ofcommitted data in the file system cache and a delay of flushing thecommitted data to a disk subsystem. At the same time, the integrationguarantees that the data is not lost due to a cluster node failure or apower failure. Accordingly, synchronous write latencies are mitigated.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart (100) depicting arrival of a synchronous writetransaction to the file system. As shown, the transaction is received byone of the nodes in the file system (102). Data associated with thetransaction is placed in page cache of the recipient node using existingcache policies (104). Page cache is a buffer in memory partitioned intopages, which represent file system blocks in memory. The page cachelayer is a software mechanism in the file system that allows file systemblocks to be reflected in a memory subsystem, so that accesses to thesepages can be satisfied without first having to access physical storage.The received data is then replicated to at least one secondary node inthe file system (106). In one embodiment, the secondary node is any nodein the file system that is not the recipient node. The quantity ofsecondary nodes that receive the replication is based on reliability andavailability characteristics of the system. For each replicationreceived, the replicated data is placed in page cache of the associatedsecondary node (108), and the secondary node sends an acknowledgementcommunication to the recipient node (110). In one embodiment, thereplica data is in persistent DRAM, e.g. flash backed RAM. Once all ofthe acknowledgement communications for each of the replicas arereceived, the recipient node sends a primary acknowledgement to theclient from which the transaction originated (112). Accordingly, thetransaction data is replicated within the cache layer of the file systemand acknowledged to the client from whom the transaction originatedwithout flushing the data to a disk subsystem.

There is no change in the behavior of the file system from thatdemonstrated in FIG. 1 for a synchronous write transaction when anasynchronous write transaction is received. When a commit operation isreceived by the file system, dirty pages are replicated to one or morenodes in the file system. After replication is acknowledged from each ofthe node to which the data has been replicated, the commit isacknowledged back to the client that originated the commit operation.Accordingly, the data associated with the commit operation is replicatedin the cache layer of one or more replica nodes and acknowledged to theoriginating client without flushing the data to a disk subsystem.

As demonstrated in FIG. 1, committed data is maintained in the cachelayer of the file system and flushing of the data to a disk or disksubsystem is delayed. At the same time, persistent characteristics ofthe cache layer, e.g. battery backed DRAM, flash backed DRAM, or flashdevices, ensure that the committed data is not lost due to a data centerpower failure, and replication ensures that the committed data is notlost due to a cluster node failure.

The file system includes two or more nodes in communication with a disksubsystem or data center. As demonstrated in FIG. 1, for data receivedfrom a synchronous write transaction, a replica is maintained on atleast one replica node. A distinction is made between a master copy ofthe data and a replica. Specifically, a master copy holds an exclusivecluster-wide write lock on the data, and the replica node holds a sharedcluster-wide write lock on the data. As such, the copies aredistinguished by the characteristics of the locks maintained by thenodes with the data in the associated cache layer. In one embodiment, amaster copy is for a select byte range in the cache layer. For example,a select node may be a master copy for a first byte range in the cachelayer and a replica copy for a second byte in the cache layer.Accordingly, the cache layer of each node may include both master andreplica copies, with each copy distinguished by an associated byterange, and the master copy having an exclusive cluster-wide write lockon the master byte range and the replica copy having a sharedcluster-wide write lock on the replica byte range.

Handling an arrival of a read transaction is the same as traditionallydone in clustered file systems. In response to the read transaction tothe file system, the requested byte-range is read from the local pagecache if the data is in the local page cache of the recipient node.Otherwise, if the requested byte-range is in the page cache of anyremote nodes, the master copy of the requested byte-range is flushed toa disk subsystem, the data is read from the disk subsystem to the pagecache of the recipient node, and the read is serviced from the localpage cache.

One or more nodes in the file system could be subject to failure,including a master node and a replica node. FIG. 2 is a flow chart (200)depicting preventing loss of data when one or more nodes in the clusterhave been subject to failure. In response to detection of a cluster nodefailure (202), one of the nodes, e.g. a takeover node, in the clusteracquires the lost byte-range held by the failed node (204). It is thendetermined if the failed node had a master-byte range within the lostbyte-range in the cache layer (206). If there is a master byte-rangepresent, the takeover node acquires the exclusive write lock for themaster-byte range it has acquired (208). Accordingly, in response to anode failure, any node taking over the master-byte range acquires theassociated exclusive write lock for the master-byte range.

Following a negative response to the determination at step (206) oracquisition of the exclusive write lock at step (208), it is determinedif the failed node had any byte-range in the cache layer designated asreplica-range data (210). A negative response to the determination atstep (210) concludes resolving any issues with the cache layer of thefailed node (212). However, a positive response to the determination atstep (210) is followed by the take-over node notifying every master nodein the cluster of the node failure for which the failed node held itsreplica regarding the replica failure (214). The byte range of thefailed node may have a plurality of sub-ranges associated with differentmaster nodes in the cluster. For example, the failed node may have afirst byte range that is a replica for one master node in the cluster,and a second byte range that is a replica for a second master node inthe cluster. For each replica byte-range in the failed node, theassociated master node receives a notification of the node failurepertaining to the replica data (216), and the associated master noderequests a new replica node in the cluster (218).

Once the new replica node has been designated, the master node may electone from two alternative actions. The first alternative action is forthe master node to write the master byte-range to the new replica nodeand the replica node to acquire a shared write lock for the replicabyte-range (220). The second alternative action is for the master nodeto flush the master copy of the byte-range to the disk storage subsystemand to invalidate each replica of the byte-range on the replica nodes inthe cluster (222). Following the action at either (220) or (222), themaster node for the subject byte-range sends an acknowledgement to thetake-over node (224), and it is determined if the take-over node hasreceived an acknowledgement from each master node for the byte-ranges inthe failed node (226). A positive response to the determination at step(226) concludes the rectification of the node failure (212), and anegative response to the determination at step (226) is followed bywaiting for a defined time interval (228) and a return to step (226).Accordingly, the master node for the replica byte-ranges in the failednode institutes one of two actions to either create a new replica nodeor to flush the data in the subject byte-range to the storage subsystem.

As demonstrated in FIG. 2, the master node may flush the master copy ofthe byte-range to the disk storage subsystem. FIG. 3 is a flow chart(300) depicting the details of this process. The byte-range is writtento the storage subsystem (302), after which the master node sends aninvalidation message to the replica nodes in the cluster (304). Eachreplica node in receipt of the invalidation message (306), invalidates areplica byte-range in its cache layer (308), releases a correspondingshared write lock for the replica byte-range (310), and sends anacknowledgement to the master node (312). Once the master node is inreceipt of the acknowledgement from each replica node for the byte-range(314), the master node releases a corresponding exclusive write lock forthe byte-range (316).

A node in the file system may fail. The cause of the failure is notsignificant. Rather, it is the manner in which the data in the cachelayer is maintained that is significant. One form of failure is when thecluster is subject to a power failure. FIG. 4 is a flow chart (400)depicting the process of preventing loss of committed data when thecluster returns from the power failure. As shown, the process isinitiated with the cluster returning from a power failure (402). Eachnode in the cluster examines metadata of every byte-range in itspersistent cache layer, e.g. battery backed DRAM or flash backed DRAM,(404). It is then determined if the byte-range contains a master copy(406). A negative response to the determination at step (406) isfollowed by the node acquiring a shared write lock for the byte-range(408). In one embodiment, a lock manager assigns the shared write lockto the acquiring node. Conversely, a positive response to thedetermination at step (406) is followed by the node acquiring anexclusive write lock for the byte-range (410). In one embodiment, thelock manager assigns the exclusive lock to the acquiring node. Followingthe lock acquisition at either step (408) or (410), it is determined ifthe lock was successfully acquired (412). A negative response to thedetermination at step (412) is followed by invalidating the byte-rangein the cache layer (414). Following step (414) or a positive response tothe determination at step (412), it is determined if all of the clusternodes validated their byte ranges in the cache layer (416). A negativeresponse to the determination at step (416) is followed by an internalpause (418) and a return to step (416). Once all of the cluster nodeshave validated their byte-range in the cache layer, as demonstrated by apositive response to the determination at step (416), the cluster isconsidered to have returned from the power failure.

Locks may be transferred among the nodes in the cluster. FIG. 5 is aflow chart (500) depicting a process for transferring locks, which mayalso transfer the designation between a master copy and a replica. Inresponse to a node in the file system requesting an exclusive write lock(502), it is determined if the exclusive write lock is available for thebyte-range that is the subject of the request (504). A negative responseto the determination at step (504) is followed by extending theexclusive write lock to the requesting node (506). However, a positiveresponse to the determination at step (504) is followed by determiningif the requesting node holds a replica byte-range associated with thelock request (508). A positive response to the determination at step(508) is followed by changing the designation of the byte-range (510)and transferring the exclusive write lock to the requesting node (512).Conversely, a negative response to the determination at step (508) isfollowed by the byte-range on the node being designated as the newmaster copy with the exclusive write lock (514) followed by removal ofthe prior master copy from the cache layer. Accordingly, write locks maybe transferred within the file system, together with a designation ofthe underlying byte-range.

There are several options for managing in-memory replica space. Oneoption is to reserve a separate cache space on each node for replicadata, and the master replica may perform space allocation and managementfor each replica. Another option is not to reserve separate cache spacefor replica, wherein the replicated write is treated as any other writetransaction and can cause page eviction on the replica node. The replicacan also be evicted causing the master replica to be flushed to disk.

The system tracks committed but not flushed data and its replicas. If anode holding a master copy fails, a new master replica is elected fromexisting replicas and a new replica is created. If a node fails with anycopy of committed but not flushed data, one more replica to replace afailed node replica is placed on another cluster node. When a crashednode returns, its cache layer is recovered and the cache content of thereturned node is discarded since new replicas have been elected.Finally, in the event of a cluster failure, when power is returned thecontent of the cache on each node is recovered with all committed datain the cache layer then the non-committed data can be invalidated.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the presentinvention may be embodied as a system, method or computer programproduct. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the formof an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment(including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may allgenerally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.”Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of acomputer program product embodied in one or more computer readablemedium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may beutilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signalmedium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readablestorage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic,magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system,apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Morespecific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readablestorage medium would include the following: an electrical connectionhaving one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, arandom access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber,a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storagedevice, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storagemedium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a programfor use by or in connection with an instruction execution system,apparatus, or device.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signalwith computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, inbaseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may takeany of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to,electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. Acomputer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium thatis not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate,propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmittedusing any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless,wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination ofthe foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of thepresent invention may be written in any combination of one or moreprogramming languages, including an object oriented programming languagesuch as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional proceduralprogramming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similarprogramming languages. The program code may execute entirely on theuser's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alonesoftware package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remotecomputer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latterscenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computerthrough any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or awide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an externalcomputer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet ServiceProvider).

Aspects of the present invention are described above with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer program instructions. These computer program instructions maybe provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus toproduce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via theprocessor of the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified inthe flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computerreadable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable dataprocessing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer,other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus or other devices to produce a computerimplemented process such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

As shown in FIGS. 1-5, a method is provided to improve write performancein a fault-tolerant file system. More specifically, the cache layer isconfigured with persistent RAM to support write transactions and commitoperations. Master and replica byte-range within the cache layer havedifferent locks, the master byte-range having an exclusive lock and thereplica byte-range having a shared lock. A single acknowledgementcommunication is sent to the client that originated the writetransaction or commit operation, only after all of the replica nodeshave acknowledged receipt and storage of the associated data in replicabyte-range of the replica node. FIG. 6 is a block diagram (600)illustrating tools embedded in a computer system to support the writetransaction or commit operation in the file system. A file system (610)is shown with a plurality of nodes (620) and (640). Although only twonodes are shown, the invention should not be limited to this quantity ofnodes in the file system. Accordingly, two or more nodes may be employedto structure the file system.

Each of the nodes is similarly configured. More specifically, node₀(620) has a processing unit (622), in communication with memory (624)across a bus (626), and in communication with data storage (628), andnode₁ (640) is provided with a processing unit (642), in communicationwith memory (644) across a bus (646), and in communication with secondlocal storage (648). The nodes (620) and (640) are part of the filesystem (610) which is in communication with remote data storage (650).Each of the nodes (620) and (640) are shown to reside in a file system(610), and each of the nodes (620) and (640) includes file system cache(630) and (632), respectively, forming a file system cache layer in thecluster (610). In one embodiment, the file system cache (630) and (632)is in the form of persistent dynamic random access memory (“P-DRAM”),flash backed DRAM, or non-volatile RAM (“NVRAM”). Accordingly, the filesystem cache (630) and (632) is preferably a persistent form of RAM inorder to preserve the data in the event of a failure.

A functional unit is further provided within at least one of the nodes,(620) and (640), to support management of write performance in the filesystem. For ease of description, node₀ (620) is shown having afunctional unit (640) in communication with the processing unit (622)and having tools embodied therewith to support a write transaction or acommit operations in a fault-tolerant file system. The tools include,but are not limited to: a placement manager (642), a director (644), aninvalidation manager (646), a fault manager (648), a recovery manager(660), and a transfer manager (662). Accordingly, tools in the form ofmanagers and a director are provided to support receipt of a writetransaction and fault tolerant preservation of associated data withinthe file system.

The placement manager (642) functions to respond to a transaction in theform of a synchronous write transaction. More specifically, theplacement manager (642) places data associated with the receivedtransaction or operation in the cache layer of the file system, andreplicates data associated with the received transaction or operationwithin the file system cache layer. In one embodiment, each node in thefile system is provided with a placement manager (642) for receiveddata. The director (644) is provided in communication with the placementmanager (642) and functions to distinguish between a master copy and areplica of received data. Different caching techniques are applied bythe director (644) to the data associated with the transaction basedupon the classification. Accordingly, the placement manager (642) inconjunction with the director (644) manages receipt and placement ofdata associated with a write transaction or commit operation received byany one of the nodes in the file system.

The invalidation manager (646), fault manager (648), recovery manager(660), and transfer manager (662) are each provided in conjunction withthe director (644) to enable further functionality of the fault-tolerantreplication of the data. As described in detail in the flow charts ofFIG. 1-5, received data is replicated in the cache layer of the filesystem, with one copy designated as a master copy, and each replicationdesignated as a replica or replica copy. The master copy is identifiedand associated with an exclusive cluster-wide write lock, and thereplica is identified and associated with a shared cluster-wide writelock. The invalidation manager (646) functions to invalidate eachreplica of the remote nodes in response to flushing the master copy inthe file system to persistent storage. Once the master copy is removedfrom the cache layer, each replica on the remote node(s) may be removedfrom the cache layer, as the replicas function to support the mastercopy as long as the master copy is in the cache layer. Accordingly, theinvalidation manager (646) functions to maintain the integrity of thecache layer by invalidating each replica for which the master copy hasbeen flushed to persistent storage.

The fault manager (648) is provided in communication with the director(644). The fault manager (648) functions to support the fault tolerancecharacteristic of the file system. More specifically, the fault manager(648) functions in response to a node failure with the cache layer ofthe node subject to the failure holding data designated as a mastercopy. In one embodiment, the cache layer may include an extended byterange with one subset of the byte-range designated as a master copy andanother subset of the byte-range designated as a replica. Based on thedetermination of at least one subset of the byte range on the nodesubject to the failure designated as a master copy, the fault manager(668) elects one of the other nodes in the file system to acquire themaster copy of the data. The elected node acquires the exclusivecluster-wide write lock for the new master copy of the data. In oneembodiment, the fault manager (648) employs a node in the cluster thatis designated as having the replica of the master copy in the cachelayer. In another embodiment, the fault manager (648) facilitatesreplication of the data to a new secondary node in the cluster and thenew secondary node acquires the exclusive cluster-wide write lock.Accordingly, the fault manager (648) facilitates designation of a newmaster copy in the event of failure of the node holding the master copy.

The recovery manager (660) is also provided in communication with thedirector (644), and functions to recover content on a recovered failednode, and in another embodiment to recover data in response to recoveryof the file system from a power failure. With respect to the recoveredfailed node, the recovery manager (660) functions to recover content onthe recovered failed node by reading data from non-volatile memory of asurviving node. In this scenario, the cluster is not subject to acluster-wide failure, and as such, at least one node in the cluster isconsidered to have survived. The surviving node may be the master nodeof the cluster or an available node in the cluster. Since the byte rangein the cache layer is associated with either an exclusive lock or ashared lock, the characteristics of the byte range indicate whether thedata therein is a master copy of a replica. With respect to recovery ofthe file system from a power failure, the recovery manager (660)functions to identify master and replica copies based on characteristicswithin each byte range. More specifically, the recovery manager (660)validates the master copies and replica copies within the cache layer byre-acquisition of appropriate locks, including an exclusive cluster widewrite lock for the master copies and a shared cluster wide write lockfor the replica copies. Accordingly, the recovery manager (660) isconfigured to facilitate recovery of an individual node in the clusteror the cluster from a cluster power failure.

The transfer manager (662) is provided in communication with thedirector (644). The transfer manager (662) functions to transferdesignation of the master copy within the file system. As indicated, themaster copy is provided with a cluster wide exclusive write lock for theassociated byte range. The transfer manager (662) maintains theexclusive write lock with the master copy. More specifically, if themaster copy is transfer to a requester node in the cluster, the transfermanager (662) revokes the exclusive write lock from the original nodewith the master copy and transfer the exclusive write lock to therequester node. Accordingly, the master copy may be transferred withinthe cluster, and the transfer manager (662) facilitates the transfer ofthe master copy by accompanying the transfer with the exclusive writelock across the byte range.

The placement manager (642), director (644), invalidation manager (646),fault manager (648), recovery manager (660), and transfer manager (662)are configured to fault-tolerance in the file system. As identifiedabove, the placement manager (642), director (644), invalidation manager(646), fault manager (648), recovery manager (660), and transfer manager(662) are shown residing in memory (624) of the node (620). In oneembodiment, the placement manager (642), director (644), invalidationmanager (646), fault manager (648), recovery manager (660), and transfermanager (662) may reside in memory local to one or more of the servernodes residing in the file system. Similarly, in one embodiment, themanagers and director (642)-(662) may reside as hardware tools externalto memory and may be implemented as a combination of hardware andsoftware, or may reside local to memory of any one of the nodes in thefile system. Similarly, in one embodiment, the managers and director(642)-(662) may be combined into a single functional item thatincorporates the functionality of the separate items. As shown herein,each of the manager(s) are shown local to one node in the file system.However, in one embodiment they may be collectively or individuallydistributed across two or more node in the file system and function as aunit to address and maintain fault-tolerance. Accordingly, the managersand director may be implemented as software tools, hardware tools, or acombination of software and hardware tools.

Referring now to the block diagram (700) of FIG. 7, additional detailsare now described with respect to implementing an embodiment of thepresent invention. The computer system includes one or more processors,such as a processor (702). The processor (702) is connected to acommunication infrastructure (704) (e.g., a communications bus,cross-over bar, or network).

The computer system can include a display interface (706) that forwardsgraphics, text, and other data from the communication infrastructure(704) (or from a frame buffer not shown) for display on a display unit(708). The computer system also includes a main memory (710), preferablyrandom access memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory(712). The secondary memory (712) may include, for example, a hard diskdrive (714) (or alternative persistent storage device) and/or aremovable storage drive (716), representing, for example, a floppy diskdrive, a magnetic tape drive, or an optical disk drive. The removablestorage drive (716) reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit(718) in a manner well known to those having ordinary skill in the art.Removable storage unit (718) represents, for example, a floppy disk, acompact disc, a magnetic tape, or an optical disk, etc., which is readby and written to by a removable storage drive (716). As will beappreciated, the removable storage unit (718) includes a computerreadable medium having stored therein computer software and/or data.

In alternative embodiments, the secondary memory (712) may include othersimilar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to beloaded into the computer system. Such means may include, for example, aremovable storage unit (720) and an interface (722). Examples of suchmeans may include a program package and package interface (such as thatfound in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM,or PROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units (720)and interfaces (722) which allow software and data to be transferredfrom the removable storage unit (720) to the computer system.

The computer system may also include a communications interface (724).Communications interface (724) allows software and data to betransferred between the computer system and external devices. Examplesof communications interface (724) may include a modem, a networkinterface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, or a PCMCIAslot and card, etc. Software and data transferred via communicationsinterface (724) are in the form of signals which may be, for example,electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of beingreceived by communications interface (724). These signals are providedto communications interface (724) via a communications path (i.e.,channel) (726). This communications path (726) carries signals and maybe implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, a phone line, acellular phone link, a radio frequency (RF) link, and/or othercommunication channels.

In this document, the terms “computer program medium,” “computer usablemedium,” and “computer readable medium” are used to generally refer tomedia such as main memory (710) and secondary memory (712), removablestorage drive (716), and a hard disk installed in hard disk drive oralternative persistent storage device (714).

Computer programs (also called computer control logic) are stored inmain memory (710) and/or secondary memory (712). Computer programs mayalso be received via a communication interface (724). Such computerprograms, when run, enable the computer system to perform the featuresof the present invention as discussed herein. In particular, thecomputer programs, when run, enable the processor (702) to perform thefeatures of the computer system. Accordingly, such computer programsrepresent controllers of the computer system.

The flowcharts and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowcharts or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof code, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be notedthat, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in theblock may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, twoblocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantiallyconcurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, andcombinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations ofspecial purpose hardware and computer instructions.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended toinclude any structure, material, or act for performing the function incombination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. Thedescription of the present invention has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Theembodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and the practical application, and to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention forvarious embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated. Accordingly, the enhanced cloud computingmodel supports flexibility with respect to transaction processing,including, but not limited to, optimizing the storage system andprocessing transactions responsive to the optimized storage system.

Alternative Embodiment(s)

It will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of theinvention have been described herein for purposes of illustration,various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of protection of thisinvention is limited only by the following claims and their equivalents.

We claim:
 1. A computer program product for integrating a stable layerwith a page cache layer in a file system, the computer program productcomprising a computer-readable storage hardware device having programcode embodied therewith, the program code being executable by aprocessor to: temporarily hold committed data in distributednon-volatile memory of nodes in a cluster; in response to receiving asynchronous write transaction in the file system, place data associatedwith the received write transaction in the page cache layer andreplicate the received data within the page cache layer of one or moreremote nodes in the cluster; distinguish between a master copy of thereceived data and a replica of the received data, including applicationof existing cache policies to the master copy of the received data; andinvalidate each replica on the one or more remote nodes in response toflushing the master copy to persistent storage.
 2. The computer programproduct of claim 1, further comprising program code for the master copyto hold an exclusive cluster-wide write lock and the replica to hold ashared cluster-wide write lock.
 3. The computer program product of claim2, further comprising program code to maintain fault tolerance inresponse to a failure of a node holding the master copy, includingelecting a remote node to acquire the master copy by acquiring theexclusive cluster-wide write lock for the data.
 4. The computer programproduct of claim 3, further comprising program code to recover contenton the recovered failed node in response to the recovery of the failednode, including reading data from non-volatile memory of a survivingnode, wherein the surviving node is selected from the group consistingof: an available node and the master node.
 5. The computer programproduct of claim 2, further comprising program code to transferdesignation of the master copy to a requestor node, including revokingthe exclusive write lock from the master copy, and transferring theexclusive write lock to the requestor node.
 6. The computer programproduct of claim 1, further comprising in response to recovery of thecluster from a power failure, program code to recover data fromnon-volatile memory content on each node, and identify master andreplica copies from a characteristic of data byte-range and validatemaster and replica copies by re-acquiring cluster-wide write locks.
 7. Asystem comprising: a page cache layer integrated with a stable memorylayer in a file system to temporarily hold committed data in distributednon-volatile memory of nodes in a cluster, each node having a processingunit in communication with memory; a functional unit in communicationwith at least one of the processing units, the functional unit includingtools to support a write transaction in a fault-tolerant file system,the tools comprising: a placement manager to place data associated witha received write transaction in the page cache layer and to replicatethe received data within the page cache layer of one or more nodes inresponse to receipt of a synchronous write transaction; a director incommunication with the placement manager, the director to distinguishbetween a master copy and a replica of the received data, including thedirector to apply existing cache policies to the master copy; and aninvalidation manager in communication with the director, theinvalidation manager to invalidate each replica in response to a flushof the master copy to persistent storage.
 8. The system of claim 7,further comprising the master copy to hold an exclusive cluster-widewrite lock and the replica to hold a shared cluster-wide write lock. 9.The system of claim 8, further comprising fault manager in communicationwith the director, the fault manager to maintain fault tolerance inresponse to a failure of a node holding the master copy, including thefault manager to elect a remote node in the cluster to acquire themaster copy through acquisition of the exclusive cluster-wide write lockfor the data.
 10. The system of claim 9, further comprising a recoverymanager in communication with the director, the recovery manager torecover content on the recovered failed node in response to recovery ofthe failed node, including read data from non-volatile memory of asurviving node, wherein the surviving node is selected from the groupconsisting of: an available node and the master node.
 11. The system ofclaim 8, further comprising a transfer manager in communication with thedirector, the transfer manager to transfer designation of the mastercopy to a requestor node, including revocation of the exclusive writelock from the master copy, and a transfer of the exclusive write lock tothe requestor node.
 12. The system of claim 8, further comprising arecovery manager in communication with the director, the recoverymanager to recover data from non-volatile memory content on each node inthe cluster in response to recovery of the cluster from a power failure,and to identify master and replica copies from a characteristic of databyte-range and to validate master and replica copies by re-acquisitionof cluster-wide write locks.
 13. A computer program product forintegrating a stable layer with a page cache layer in a file system, thecomputer program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readablestorage medium having program code embodied therewith, the program codebeing executable by a processor to: temporarily hold committed data indistributed non-volatile memory of nodes in a cluster; in response toreceiving a synchronous write transaction in the file system, place dataassociated with the received write transaction in the page cache layerand replicate the received data within the page cache layer of one ormore remote nodes in the cluster; distinguish between a master copy ofthe received data and a replica of the received data, includingapplication of existing cache policies to the master copy of thereceived data; and invalidate each replica on the one or more remotenodes in response to flushing the master copy to persistent storage. 14.The computer program product of claim 13, further comprising aninstruction for the master copy to hold an exclusive cluster-wide writelock and the replica to hold a shared cluster-wide write lock.
 15. Thecomputer program product of claim 14, further comprising an instructionto maintain fault tolerance in response to a failure of a node holdingthe master copy, including election of a remote node to acquire themaster copy by acquiring the exclusive cluster-wide write lock for thedata.
 16. The computer program product of claim 15, further comprisingan instruction to recover content on the recovered failed node inresponse to the recovery of the failed node, including reading data fromnon-volatile memory of a surviving node, wherein the surviving node isselected from the group consisting of: an available node and the masternode.
 17. The computer program product of claim 14, further comprisingan instruction to transfer designation of the master copy to a requestornode, including revoking the exclusive write lock from the master copy,and transferring the exclusive write lock to the requestor node.
 18. Thecomputer program product of claim 13, further comprising in response torecovery of the cluster from a power failure, an instruction to recoverdata from non-volatile memory content on each node, and identify masterand replica copies from a characteristic of data byte-range and validatemaster and replica copies by re-acquiring cluster-wide write locks.